关于结肠癌
Colon cancer is a disease where cancerous cells form in the tissues of the large intestine, or colon.
迹象 & 症状
这些是结肠癌的症状和体征：
- 排便习惯的改变
- 大便带血
- Diarrhea, constipation, or feeling that the bowel does not empty all the way
- 大便比平时窄
- Frequent gas pains, bloating, fullness, or cramps
- 莫名其妙的减肥
- 感觉很累
- 呕吐
Many other health problems can also cause these signs. If you have any of these signs, see your doctor as soon as possible.
了解更多关于 结肠癌 来自国家癌症研究所.
结肠图像
找一位结肠癌医生
原因 & 风险因素
Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean you are sure to get cancer. It means your chances are higher than the average person’s. Talk with your doctor to learn more about your cancer risk.
The chance of getting 结肠癌 increases with age. 以下是结肠癌的其他风险因素：
- A personal history of colon, rectum, or ovarian cancer or high-risk colorectal polyps
- A 家族病史 父母、孩子或兄弟姐妹患结肠癌的风险
- Changes in certain genes that increase the risk of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome)
- A personal history of Crohn’s disease or chronic ulcerative colitis
- 每天喝三杯或三杯以上的酒
- 吸烟
- 肥胖
- 是黑人
诊断 & 阶段
结肠癌的诊断
筛选 在你有症状之前就检查癌症. 筛选 can also check for anything unusual if you notice changes in your bowel habits or have blood in your stool. 筛选 can rule out an issue or help find cancer at an early stage, 当它可能更容易治疗.
These tests screen for 和 diagnose 结肠癌:
- 结肠镜检查: 使用灯光瞄准镜, the health care provider looks at the full length of the colon for anything unusual. 如果发现息肉, the provider will remove them to test for cancer or to prevent them from turning into cancer in the future.
- 筛选 colonoscopies are recommended for everyone starting at age 45.
- 乙状结肠镜检查: 使用灯光瞄准镜, the health care provider looks at the lower part of the colon for anything unusual. 如果发现息肉, the provider will remove them to test for cancer or to prevent them from turning into cancer in the future.
- 钡灌肠: After filling the lower colon with a liquid that contains barium, 哪个能提高图像质量, health care providers take x-rays to look for polyps or anything unusual in the colon.
- 粪便隐血试验（FOBT）： This test looks for small amounts of blood in the stool. The stool sample is usually collected at home 和 delivered to the laboratory for testing. 大便带血 may be a sign of cancer in the colon.
- 体格检查及病史： A health care provider examines your body for signs of disease. Your personal health habits, past illnesses, 和 symptoms help guide the exam.
- 直肠指检（DRE） 作为身体检查的一部分, the health care provider may examine the anus 和 rectum with a gloved finger.
- 虚拟结肠镜检查: The colon is examined through a computed tomography scan that creates images of the colon.
- 活组织检查: The health care provider removes cell or tissue samples so they can be viewed under a microscope to check for signs of cancer. 活组织检查通常是结肠镜检查的一部分.
结肠癌的分期
Staging is the process that shows whether cancer has spread within the colon or to other parts of the body. 癌症 spreads in the body in three ways: through tissue, the lymph system, or the blood.
以下是结肠癌的分期：
- Stage 0: Stage 0 cancers are often called carcinoma in situ. For stage 0 结肠癌, tests have found abnormal cells on the inside of the colon wall.
- Stage 1: 癌症 has formed 和 grown into the wall of the colon.
- Stage 2 (2A, 2B, 2C): 癌症 has grown through the colon wall, but has not invaded
其他器官. - 第三阶段（3A）, 3B, 3C): The cancer has grown into the colon wall 和 has spread to the lymph nodes nearby.
- Stage 4 (4A, 4B): The cancer has spread to organs away from the colon such as the
肝或肺.
When cancer spreads from where it started to another part of the body, it is called metastasis. These metastatic cancer cells are the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. 例如, 如果结肠癌扩散到骨骼, the cancer cells in the bone are actually 结肠癌 cells. The disease is metastatic 结肠癌, not bone cancer.
了解更多关于 结肠癌的分期 来自国家癌症研究所.
